<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bloodjour</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гематология и трансфузиология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian journal of hematology and transfusiology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0234-5730</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-3042</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО Издательский дом «Практика»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25837/HAT.2018.79..2..009</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bloodjour-100</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CASE REPORTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ГЕМОФИЛИЯ A СРЕДНЕЙ ТЯЖЕСТИ У ДЕВОЧКИ С НЕСБАЛАНСИРОВАННОЙ ЛАЙОНИЗАЦИЕЙ ХРОМОСОМЫ X</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>SKEWED X-CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION IN HETEROZYGOUS FEMALE WITH MODERATE HEMOPHILIA A</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5656-2561</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бескоровайная</surname><given-names>T. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beskorovainaya</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">t-kovalevskaya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-2773</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрукова</surname><given-names>A. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abrukova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0351-1271</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миронович</surname><given-names>О. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironovich</surname><given-names>O. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-5566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Близнец</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bliznets</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0050-6947</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миловидова</surname><given-names>Т. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Milovidova</surname><given-names>T. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-1303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щагина</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchagina</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-8993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саваскина</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savaskina</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-8993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поляков</surname><given-names>A. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>БУ Чувашской Республики «Президентский перинатальный центр» Минздрава Чувашской Республики, Чувашская Республика, г. Чебоксары</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Presidential perinatal centre, Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр», Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>63</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>184</fpage><lpage>190</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бескоровайная T.С., Абрукова A.В., Миронович О.Л., Близнец E.A., Миловидова Т.Б., Щагина O.A., Саваскина Е.Н., Поляков A.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бескоровайная T.С., Абрукова A.В., Миронович О.Л., Близнец E.A., Миловидова Т.Б., Щагина O.A., Саваскина Е.Н., Поляков A.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Beskorovainaya T.S., Abrukova A.V., Mironovich O.L., Bliznets E.A., Milovidova T.B., Shchagina O.A., Savaskina E.N., Polyakov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.htjournal.ru/jour/article/view/100">https://www.htjournal.ru/jour/article/view/100</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлены результаты молекулярно-генетического обследования девочки с клиническими признаками гемофилии A средней тяжести — это первое в России описание молекулярных причин гемофилии у пациентки женского пола. Пробанд является дочерью больного гемофилией A тяжелой степени, у которого обнаружена частая мутация гена F8 — инверсия интрона 22 (Inv22). У пациентки была выявлена мутация Inv22, унаследованная от отца. Также у нее обнаружены три доброкачественных варианта гена F8 в гетерозиготном состоянии: с. 1010-27G&gt;A, c. 3780C&gt;G (p. D1260E), c. 3864A&gt;C (p. S1288=). В образцах геномной ДНК, полученных из крови и буккального эпителия пациентки, выявлена экстремально смещенная лайонизация хромосом Х — 95:5% и 85:15% соответственно. В работе показано, что наблюдаемый смещенный паттерн лайонизации характеризуется преобладанием клонов клеток с неактивной материнской хромосомой X и транскрипционно активной отцовской хромосомой, несущей дефектный ген F8. Редко встречающееся сочетание гетерозиготного носительства мутации в гене F8 с экстремально смещенной лайонизацией хромосомы X обусловило развитие у девочки клиники гемофилии A.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This molecular genetic study of a girl with moderate hemophilia A is the first Russian report describing the cause of hemophilia in a female patient. The proband’s father suffers from severe hemophilia A and has a common F8 gene mutation, specifically an inversion of intron 22 (Inv22). Along with the Inv22 mutation inherited from her father, the girl was also found to be heterozygous for three benign mutations in the F8 gene: с.1010-27G&gt;A, c.3780C&gt;G (p.D1260E), and c.3864A&gt;C (p.S1288=). A dramatically skewed X-chromosome inactivation was detected in the proband’s blood and buccal epithelium samples (95:5% and 85:15% respectively). The maternal X-chromosome was selectively inactivated. The paternal X-chromosome with the mutant F8 gene remained active, and thus caused hemophilia A in a heterozygous female.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гемофилия</kwd><kwd>F8</kwd><kwd>инверсия интрона 22</kwd><kwd>лайонизация хромосомы X</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>haemophilia</kwd><kwd>F8 gene</kwd><kwd>intron 22 inversion</kwd><kwd>skewed X-inactivation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antonarakis S. E., Kazazian H. H., Tuddenham E. G. Molecular etiology of factor VIII deficiency in hemophilia A. Hum Mutat 1995; 5:1—22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonarakis S. E., Kazazian H. H., Tuddenham E. G. Molecular etiology of factor VIII deficiency in hemophilia A. Hum Mutat 1995; 5:1—22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mannucci P. M., Tuddenham E. G. The hemophilias — from royal genes to gene therapy. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1773—1779. Review. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2001; 345:384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mannucci P. M., Tuddenham E. G. The hemophilias — from royal genes to gene therapy. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1773—1779. Review. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2001; 345:384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Европейский Консорциум гемофилии. Доступно в интернете по адресу: http://www.ehc.eu/ru/геморрагические-заболевания/гемофилия/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Haemophilia Consortium. Available at: http://www.ehc.eu/bleeding-disorders/haemophilia/ (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lakich D., Kazazian H. H. Jr, Antonarakis S. E. et al. Inversions disrupting the factor VIII gene are common cause of severe haemophilia A. Nat Genet 1993; 5:236—241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakich D., Kazazian H. H. Jr, Antonarakis S. E. et al. Inversions disrupting the factor VIII gene are common cause of severe haemophilia A. Nat Genet 1993; 5:236—241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naylor J., Brinke A., Hassock S. et al. Characteristic mRNA abnormality found in half the patients with severe haemophilia A is due to large DNA inversions. Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2:1773—1778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naylor J., Brinke A., Hassock S. et al. Characteristic mRNA abnormality found in half the patients with severe haemophilia A is due to large DNA inversions. Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2:1773—1778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">David D., Morais S., Ventura C. et al. Female haemophiliac homozygous for the factor VIII intron 22 inversion mutation, with transcriptional inactivation of one of the factor VIII alleles. Haemophilia 2003; 9:125—130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">David D., Morais S., Ventura C. et al. Female haemophiliac homozygous for the factor VIII intron 22 inversion mutation, with transcriptional inactivation of one of the factor VIII alleles. Haemophilia 2003; 9:125—130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai X. H., Wang X. F., Dai J. et al. Female hemophilia A heterozygous for a de novo frameshift and a novel missense mutation of factor VIII. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1969—1974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai X. H., Wang X. F., Dai J. et al. Female hemophilia A heterozygous for a de novo frameshift and a novel missense mutation of factor VIII. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1969—1974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams V. K., Suppiah R., Coppin B. et al. Investigation of inflicted injury in a young girl reveals mild haemophilia A and Turner‘s syndrome. Int J Lab Hematol 2012; 34:98—101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams V. K., Suppiah R., Coppin B. et al. Investigation of inflicted injury in a young girl reveals mild haemophilia A and Turner‘s syndrome. Int J Lab Hematol 2012; 34:98—101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quan F., Janas J., Toth-Fejel S. et al. Uniparental disomy of the entire X chromosome in a female with duchen muscular dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60:160—165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quan F., Janas J., Toth-Fejel S. et al. Uniparental disomy of the entire X chromosome in a female with duchen muscular dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60:160—165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renault N. K., Dyack S., Dobson M. J. et al. Heritable skewed Xchromosome inactivation leads to haemophilia A expression in heterozygous females. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:628—637.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renault N. K., Dyack S., Dobson M. J. et al. Heritable skewed Xchromosome inactivation leads to haemophilia A expression in heterozygous females. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:628—637.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Michele D. M., Gibb C., Lefkowitz J. M. et al. Severe and moderate haemophilia A and B in US females. Haemophilia 2014; 20:e136—143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Michele D. M., Gibb C., Lefkowitz J. M. et al. Severe and moderate haemophilia A and B in US females. Haemophilia 2014; 20:e136—143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyon M. F., Rastan S. Parental source of chromosome imprinting and its relevance for X chromosome inactivation. Differentiation 1984; 26:63—67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyon M. F., Rastan S. Parental source of chromosome imprinting and its relevance for X chromosome inactivation. Differentiation 1984; 26:63—67.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minks J., Robinson W. P., Brown C. J. A skewed view of X chromosome inactivation. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:20—23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minks J., Robinson W. P., Brown C. J. A skewed view of X chromosome inactivation. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:20—23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolduc V., Chagnon P., Provost S. et al. No evidence that skewing of X chromosome inactivation patterns is transmitted to offspring in humans. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:333—341.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolduc V., Chagnon P., Provost S. et al. No evidence that skewing of X chromosome inactivation patterns is transmitted to offspring in humans. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:333—341.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossetti L. C., Radic C. P., Larripa I. B. et al. Genotyping the hemophilia inversion hotspot by use of inverse PCR. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1154—1158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossetti L. C., Radic C. P., Larripa I. B. et al. Genotyping the hemophilia inversion hotspot by use of inverse PCR. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1154—1158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бескоровайная Т. С., Миловидова Т. Б., Щагина О. А., Поляков А. В. ДНК-диагностика гемофилии A с использованием новой медицинской технологии «Система детекции инверсии интрона 22 гена F8» в группе больных из Российской Федерации. Медицинская генетика 2016; 15:23—29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Besko rovainaya T. S., Milovidova T. B., Shchagina O. A., Polyakov A. V. DNA diagnostics in Russian hemophilia patients with new medical technology «Detection system for F8 intron 22 inversion». Russian Journal of Medical Genetics (Meditsinskaya genetika) 2016; 15:23—29 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжкова О. П., Кардымон О. Л., Прохорчук Е. Б. и др. Руководство по интерпретации данных, полученных методами массового параллельного секвенирования (MPS). Медицинская генетика 2017; 16:4—17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhkova O. P., Kardymon O. L., Prokhorchuk E. B. et al. Guidelines for the interpretation of massive parallel sequencing variants. Russian Journal of Medical Genetics (Meditsinskaya genetika) 2017; 16:4—17 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allen R. C., Zoghbi H. Y., Moseley A. B. et al. Methylation of Hpa II and Hha I sites near the polymorphic CAG repeat in the human androgenreceptor gene correlates with X chromosome inactivation. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 51:1229—1239.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allen R. C., Zoghbi H. Y., Moseley A. B. et al. Methylation of Hpa II and Hha I sites near the polymorphic CAG repeat in the human androgenreceptor gene correlates with X chromosome inactivation. Am J Hum Genet 1992; 51:1229—1239.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scanavini D., Legnani C., Lunghi B. et al. The factor VIII D1241E polymorphism is associated with decreased factor VIII activity and not with activated protein C resistance levels. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93:453—456.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scanavini D., Legnani C., Lunghi B. et al. The factor VIII D1241E polymorphism is associated with decreased factor VIII activity and not with activated protein C resistance levels. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93:453—456.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nossent A. Y., Eikenboom J. C., Vos H. L. et al. Haplotypes encoding the factor VIII 1241 Glu variation, factor VIII levels and the risk of venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2006; 95:942—948.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nossent A. Y., Eikenboom J. C., Vos H. L. et al. Haplotypes encoding the factor VIII 1241 Glu variation, factor VIII levels and the risk of venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2006; 95:942—948.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pahl S., Pavlova A., Driesen J. et al. Effect of F8 B domain gene variants on synthesis, secretion, activity and stability of factor VIII protein. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:58—66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pahl S., Pavlova A., Driesen J. et al. Effect of F8 B domain gene variants on synthesis, secretion, activity and stability of factor VIII protein. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:58—66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plenge R. M., Hendrich B. D., Schwartz C. et al. A promoter mutation in the XIST gene in two unrelated families with skewed X-chromosome inactivation. Nat Genet 1997; 17:353—356.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plenge R. M., Hendrich B. D., Schwartz C. et al. A promoter mutation in the XIST gene in two unrelated families with skewed X-chromosome inactivation. Nat Genet 1997; 17:353—356.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pugacheva E. M., Tiwari V. K., Abdullaev Z. et al. Familial cases of point mutations in the XIST promoter reveal a correlation between CTCF binding and pre-emptive choices of X chromosome inactivation. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:953—965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pugacheva E. M., Tiwari V. K., Abdullaev Z. et al. Familial cases of point mutations in the XIST promoter reveal a correlation between CTCF binding and pre-emptive choices of X chromosome inactivation. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:953—965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plenge R. M., Stevenson R. A., Lubs H. A. et al. Skewed X-chromosome inactivation is a common feature of X-linked mental retardation disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:168—173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plenge R. M., Stevenson R. A., Lubs H. A. et al. Skewed X-chromosome inactivation is a common feature of X-linked mental retardation disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:168—173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clerc P., Avner P. Random X-chromosome inactivation: skewing lesson for mice and men. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2006; 16:246—253.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clerc P., Avner P. Random X-chromosome inactivation: skewing lesson for mice and men. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2006; 16:246—253.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
