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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bloodjour</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гематология и трансфузиология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian journal of hematology and transfusiology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0234-5730</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-3042</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО Издательский дом «Практика»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35754/0234-5730-2019-64-4-504-515</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bloodjour-170</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБМЕН ОПЫТОМ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ ПОДГРУПП А1 И А2 АНТИГЕНА А СИСТЕМЫ АВ0: БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОСНОВА И СЕРОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>DIFFERENTIATION OF THE A1  AND A2  SUBGROUPS OF THE AB0 SYSTEM: BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND SEROLOGICAL STRATEGY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9423-2640</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головкина</surname><given-names>Л. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovkina</surname><given-names>L. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Головкина Лариса Леонидовна, доктор медицинских наук, заведующая лабораторией трансфузиологической иммуногематологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa L. Golovkina, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory for Transfusion Immunohematology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">largol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7730-8367</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каландаров</surname><given-names>Р. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalandarov</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каландаров Рахман Самиевич, кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории трансфузиологической иммуногематологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rakhman S. Kalandarov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory for Transfusion Immunohematology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rkalandari@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1705-7535</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стремоухова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stremoukhova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стремоухова Алла Геннадьевна, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики лаборатории трансфузиологической иммуногематологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alla G. Stremoukhova, Clinical Pathologist, Laboratory for Transfusion Immunohematology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">allastrem@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6897-5977</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калмыкова</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalmykova</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Калмыкова Ольга Сергеевна, заведующая лабораторией контроля качества и безопасности гемотрансфузий</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga S. Kalmykova, Head of the Laboratory for the Quality Control and Safety of Blood Transfusions</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga.da2009@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8801-5578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пушкина</surname><given-names>Т. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pushkina</surname><given-names>T. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пушкина Татьяна Дмитриевна, биолог лаборатории трансфузиологической иммуногематологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana D. Pushkina, Biologist, Laboratory for Transfusion Immunohematology</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tanya.pushkina.1959@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-4492</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сурин</surname><given-names>В. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Surin</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сурин Вадим Леонидович, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории генной инженерии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim L. Surin, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Genetic Engineering</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vadsurin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-8146</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пшеничникова</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pshenichnikova</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пшеничникова Олеся Сергеевна, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории генной инженерии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olesya S. Pshenichnikova, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of genetic engineering</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pshenichnikovaolesya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-0506</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Николаева Татьяна Леонидовна, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории физиологии кроветворения</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana L. Nikolaeva, Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory for Physiology of Hematopoiesis</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">TanyaLN0419@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-5414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оловникова</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Olovnikova</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оловникова Наталья Ивановна, кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории физиологии кроветворения </p><p>тел.: +7 (916) 915-25-01</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya I. Olovnikova, Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Leading Researcher, Laboratory for Physiology of Hematopoiesis</p><p>tel.: +7 (916) 915-25-01</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olovnikova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр гематологии» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Center for Hematology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>504–515</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Головкина Л.Л., Каландаров Р.С., Стремоухова А.Г., Калмыкова О.С., Пушкина Т.Д., Сурин В.Л., Пшеничникова О.С., Николаева Т.Л., Оловникова Н.И., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Головкина Л.Л., Каландаров Р.С., Стремоухова А.Г., Калмыкова О.С., Пушкина Т.Д., Сурин В.Л., Пшеничникова О.С., Николаева Т.Л., Оловникова Н.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golovkina L.L., Kalandarov R.S., Stremoukhova A.G., Kalmykova O.S., Pushkina T.D., Surin V.L., Pshenichnikova O.S., Nikolaeva T.L., Olovnikova N.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.htjournal.ru/jour/article/view/170">https://www.htjournal.ru/jour/article/view/170</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Определение слабых вариантов антигена А и их дифференциация необходимы для правильного подбора эритроцитсодержащих сред при гемотрансфузиях. Для этого в сочетании с реактивами анти-А, которые одинаково реагируют с антигенами А1 и А2, применяются селективные реактивы анти-А1, реагирующие только с антигеном А1 . Поскольку внутри самих подгрупп наблюдается вариабельность экспрессии антигена А, а установленного стандарта для реагентов и методик не существует, трактовка полученных результатов зачастую вызывает затруднения.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: создать стратегию определения вариантов антигена А с применением доступных реагентов в реакции агглютинации.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Сравнение эффективности четырех анти-А1 - и двух анти-Н-реагентов проведено на 23 образцах крови с группой А2 и А2В и контрольных образцах А1 и А1 В. Использовались два типа анти-А1 -реагентов: лектин Dolychos biflorus и моноклональные антитела. Все реагенты предназначались для реакции прямой агглютинации. Принадлежность эритроцитов к подгруппе А2 была подтверждена генетическим анализом.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Показано, что анти-А1 -реагенты не взаимодействовали с эритроцитами А2В, но часто реагировали с эритроцитами А2. Сила реакции с эритроцитами А2 сильно варьировала и была слабее, чем с А1 -эритроцитами, однако вызывала затруднения в установлении подгруппы. Одновременное тестирование с реагентом анти-Н позволяло сделать однозначный вывод о принадлежности крови к подгруппе: сильная реакция указывала на А2, отрицательная или слабая  — на А1 . У двух доноров было отмечено расхождение результатов серологических и молекулярных методов исследования: серологически была определена подгруппа А3, генотипирование выявило аллель АВ0*А1 . В обоих случаях прямое секвенирование показало комбинацию мутантных аллелей, которая дает фенотип А3. При использовании коммерческих наборов для генотипирования методом полимеразной цепной реакции следует учитывать, что праймеры подобраны к наиболее часто встречающимся вариантам и не могут выявить все мутации гена АВ0.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Надежная диагностика подгруппы А2 серологическими методами возможна с использованием лектина или моноклональных антител анти-А1 в сочетании с анти-H моноклональным реагентом.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов: авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование: исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The identification of weak variants of the A antigen, as well as their differentiation, is necessary for the proper selection of erythrocyte-containing media for blood transfusions. To this end, selective anti-A1 reagents that react only with the A1 antigen are used in combination with anti-A reagents reacting equally with the A1 and A2 antigens. Given that the expression of the A antigen varies within the subgroups and there is no established standard for reagents and procedures, the interpretation of the obtained results presents difficulties.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To develop a strategy for identifying the variants of the A antigen using available reagents in an agglutination reaction.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. We compared the effectiveness of four anti-A1 and two anti-H reagents using 23 blood samples (groups A2 and A2B) and control samples (groups A1 and A1 B). Two types of anti-A1 reagents were employed: Dolychos biflorus lectin and monoclonal antibodies. All of the reagents were designed for direct agglutination reactions. Belonging of the erythrocytes to the A2 subgroup was confirmed using genetic analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It is shown that anti-A1 reagents did not interact with A2B red blood cells and often reacted with A2 red blood cells. The strength of the reaction with A2 red blood cells varied greatly and was weaker than with A1 red blood cells; however, it hindered the subgroup identification. Simultaneous tests conducted using an anti-H reagent allowed the authors to draw an unambiguous conclusion about blood belonging to a subgroup: a strong reaction indicated the A2 subgroup, whereas a negative or weak reaction indicated the A1 subgroup. A discrepancy was noted between the results obtained for two donors using serological and molecular methods: the A3 subgroup was identified serologically, whereas genotyping revealed the AB0*A1 allele. In both cases, direct sequencing showed a combination of mutant alleles giving the A3 phenotype. When using commercial kits to perform genotyping analysis through a polymerase chain reaction, it should be taken into consideration that primers are matched to the most common variants and cannot detect all mutations of the AB0 gene.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Reliable identification of the A2 subgroup through serological methods is possible when using lectin or monoclonal anti-A1 antibodies in combination with a monoclonal anti-H reagent.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Financial disclosure</title><p>Financial disclosure: the study had no sponsorship.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антиген А</kwd><kwd>подгруппы А1 и А2</kwd><kwd>лектин анти-А1</kwd><kwd>моноклональные антитела анти-А1</kwd><kwd>моноклональные антитела анти-Н</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>A antigen</kwd><kwd>A1 and A2 subgroups</kwd><kwd>anti-А1 lectin</kwd><kwd>monoclonal anti-A1 antibodies</kwd><kwd>monoclonal anti-H antibodies</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дашкова Н.Г., Рагимов А.А., Асоскова Т.К. 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