<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bloodjour</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гематология и трансфузиология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian journal of hematology and transfusiology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0234-5730</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-3042</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО Издательский дом «Практика»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35754/0234-5730-2024-69-1-40-51</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">bloodjour-515</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Лабораторная характеристика гемоглобинопатий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Laboratory features of hemoglobinopathies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-1508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хачатурян</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khachaturian</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хачатурян Алина Грениковна, клинический ординатор по гематологии</p><p>197341, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina G. Khachaturian, hematology resident </p><p>197341, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khachaturianalina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-8790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Назаров Владимир Дмитриевич, кандидат медицинских наук, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики, лабораторный генетик лаборатории диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir D. Nazarov, Сand. Sci. (Med.), laboratory diagnostics doctor, Autoimmune Disease Laboratory</p><p>197022, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nazarov19932@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4998-3699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лапин Сергей Владимирович, кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Lapin, Сand. Sci. (Med.), Head of Autoimmune Disease Laboratory</p><p>197022, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svlapin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-0759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоренко</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorenko</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сидоренко Дарья Владимировна, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики лаборатории диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Darya V. Sidorenko, laboratory diagnostics doctor, Autoimmune Disease Laboratory</p><p>197022, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">45epic@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5256-7066</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дубина</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dubina</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дубина Ирина Александровна, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики лаборатории диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Dubina, laboratory diagnostics doctor, Autoimmune Disease Laboratory</p><p>197022, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Befunny2008@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-257X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Первакова</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pervakova</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Первакова Маргарита Юрьевна, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики лаборатории диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Margharita Yu. Pervakova, laboratory diagnostics doctor, Autoimmune Disease Laboratory</p><p>197022, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">margaritalerner@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3142-694X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вильгельми</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vilgelmi</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вильгельми Антон Андреевич, исполняющий обязанности руководителя лабораторного комплекса Санкт-Петербурга</p><p>194044, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton A. Vilgelmi, acting Head</p><p>194044, Saint-Petersburg</p><p>   </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Vilgelmi.a@helix.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2079-0439</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эмануэль</surname><given-names>В. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Emanuel</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эмануэль Владимир Леонидович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, вице-президент Российской Ассоциации медицинской лабораторной диагностики, главный специалист-эксперт по клинической лабораторной диагностике Росздравнадзора по Северо-Западному федеральному округу; академик Российской метрологической академии; директор</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir L. Emanuel, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Vice-President of Russian Medical Laboratory Association, Northwestern District Rosdravnadzor major expert-specialist of clinical laboratory diagnostics, Russian Metrological Academy academician, Head </p><p>197022, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimirem1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-методический центр молекулярной медицины Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre of Molecular medicine, Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>OOO «Научно-производственная фирма «Хеликс»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint-Petersburg Laboratory Complex LLC “SPC Helix”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хачатурян А.Г., Назаров В.Д., Лапин С.В., Сидоренко Д.В., Дубина И.А., Первакова М.Ю., Вильгельми А.А., Эмануэль В.Л., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хачатурян А.Г., Назаров В.Д., Лапин С.В., Сидоренко Д.В., Дубина И.А., Первакова М.Ю., Вильгельми А.А., Эмануэль В.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khachaturian A.G., Nazarov V.D., Lapin S.V., Sidorenko D.V., Dubina I.A., Pervakova M.Y., Vilgelmi A.A., Emanuel V.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.htjournal.ru/jour/article/view/515">https://www.htjournal.ru/jour/article/view/515</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Гемоглобинопатии — группа заболеваний, обусловленная аберрациями в гене НВВ, кодирующем бетацепь глобина. Спектр возможных аберраций разнообразен и имеет региональную специфичность.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: определение лабораторных и молекулярно-генетических характеристик бета-талассемии и качественных гемоглобинопатий.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. В исследование включены 268 больных с подозрением на наследственную причину анемии. У всех больных проводили капиллярный электрофорез гемоглобина на приборе «Minicap», по результатам которого была отобрана группа с повышенными значениями HbA2 и/или HbF и/или наличием патологических вариантов гемоглобина. В отобранной группе было проведено прямое автоматическое секвенирование по Сэнгеру гена НВВ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. По результатам капиллярного электрофореза у 33 из 268 больных были обнаружены повышенные значения фракций гемоглобина и/или патологические варианты гемоглобина. Среди патологических вариантов обнаруживались HbS, Hb Shepherds Bush и неизвестный патологический вариант гемоглобина. По результатам генотипирования у 24 из 33 больных были выявлены аберрации в гене HBB, из них у 21 больного подтверждено наличие бета-талассемии, остальные выявленные аберрации были характерны для различных гемоглобинопатий. Наиболее часто встречавшейся мутацией, характерной для бета-талассемии, была HBB:c.25_26delAA, которая выявлена в 33,3 % случаев. Определено патогенное влияние аберрации с ранее неизвестной клинической значимостью — HBB:c.93-36CT.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Капиллярный электрофорез гемоглобина является скрининговым методом диагностики бета-талассемии, однако верификацию диагноза осуществляют путем молекулярно-генетических исследований. Выявленный спектр аберраций, характерных для бета-талассемии, разнообразен, в нем присутствуют крайне редкие варианты гемоглобинопатий, требующие дальнейшего изучения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Hemoglobinopathies are a group of diseases caused by aberrations in the HBB gene encoding the beta chain of globin. The range of possible aberrations is diverse and has regional specifi city.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to determine the laboratory and molecular genetic characteristics of beta-thalassemia and qualitative hemoglobinopathies.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. In total, 268 patients suspected for having some types of the hereditary anemia were included in the study. All patients underwent capillary electrophoresis of hemoglobin using the Minicap Sebia device and the group either with elevated HbA2/HbF fractions or with the presence of pathological Hb variants was selected. The direct automatic Sanger sequencing of the HBB gene was performed in the selected group.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The analyzed group had 33 electrophoresis positive patients out of 268. Some pathological variants of hemoglobin including HbS, Hb Shepherds Bush and an unknown pathological Hb variant were detected. According to the results of genotyping, aberrations in the HBB gene were detected in 24 of 33 patients, of which 21 patients confi rmed the presence of beta-thalassemia, the rest of the detected aberrations were characteristic of various hemoglobinopathies. The most common mutation characteristic of beta-thalassemia was HB:c.25_26delAA, which was detected in 33.3% of cases. The pathogenic effect of an aberration with previously unknown clinical signifi cance has been determined — HBB:c.93-36CT.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Capillary electrophoresis of hemoglobin can be used for beta-thalassemia screening. However, the diagnosis confi rmation is carried out by molecular genetic studies. The detected aberrations spectrum for beta-thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies is extremely diverse and it includes some extremely rare hemoglobinopathy types requiring further investigations.</p><p>   </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бета-талассемия</kwd><kwd>гемоглобинопатия</kwd><kwd>ген НВВ</kwd><kwd>аберрации</kwd><kwd>капиллярный электрофорез гемоглобина</kwd><kwd>секвенирование по Сэнгеру</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>beta-thalassemia</kwd><kwd>hemoglobinopathy</kwd><kwd>HBB gene</kwd><kwd>aberrations</kwd><kwd>capillary electrophoresis</kwd><kwd>Sanger sequencing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee J.S., Cho S.I., Park S.S., Seong M.W. Molecular basis and diagnosis of thalassemia. Blood Res. 2021;56(S1):S39–43. DOI: 10.5045/br.2021.2020332.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee J.S., Cho S.I., Park S.S., Seong M.W. Molecular basis and diagnosis of thalassemia. Blood Res. 2021;56(S1):S39–43. DOI: 10.5045/br.2021.2020332.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://globin.bx.psu.edu/cgi-bin/hbvar/counter; 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://globin.bx.psu.edu/cgi-bin/hbvar/counter; 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinberg M.H., Forget B.G., Higgs D.R., editors. Disorders of Hemoglobin. Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinberg M.H., Forget B.G., Higgs D.R., editors. Disorders of Hemoglobin. Genetics, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kattamis A., Forni G.L., Aydinok Y., Viprakasit V. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of beta-thalassemia. Eur J Haematol. 2020; 105(6): 692–703. DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kattamis A., Forni G.L., Aydinok Y., Viprakasit V. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of beta-thalassemia. Eur J Haematol. 2020; 105(6): 692–703. DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thein S.L. The molecular basis of β-thalassemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013; 3(5): a011700. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011700.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thein S.L. The molecular basis of β-thalassemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013; 3(5): a011700. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011700.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">http://clinvar.com/; 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">http://clinvar.com/; 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardison R.C., Chui D.H., Giardine B., et al. HbVar: A relational database of human hemoglobin variants and thalassemia mutations at the globin gene server. Hum. Mutat. 2002; 19(3): 225–33. DOI: 10.1002/humu.10044.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardison R.C., Chui D.H., Giardine B., et al. HbVar: A relational database of human hemoglobin variants and thalassemia mutations at the globin gene server. Hum. Mutat. 2002; 19(3): 225–33. DOI: 10.1002/humu.10044.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdel-Messih I.Y., Youssef S.R., Mokhtar G.M., et al. Clinical to Molecular Screening Paradigm for beta-Thalassemia Carriers. Hemoglobin. 2015; 39(4): 240–6. DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1048808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdel-Messih I.Y., Youssef S.R., Mokhtar G.M., et al. Clinical to Molecular Screening Paradigm for beta-Thalassemia Carriers. Hemoglobin. 2015; 39(4): 240–6. DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2015.1048808.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suman F.R., Teja R., Magdalene J., et al. Screening for beta Thalassemia Carrier State Among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in a Tertiary Care Centre and Framing a Model Program for the Prevention of a Beta Thalassemia. Cureus. 2022; 14(2): e22209. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suman F.R., Teja R., Magdalene J., et al. Screening for beta Thalassemia Carrier State Among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in a Tertiary Care Centre and Framing a Model Program for the Prevention of a Beta Thalassemia. Cureus. 2022; 14(2): e22209. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nosheen A., Inamullah., Ahmad H., et al. Premarital genetic screening for beta thalassemia carrier status of indexed families using HbA2 electrophoresis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015; 65(10): 1047–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nosheen A., Inamullah., Ahmad H., et al. Premarital genetic screening for beta thalassemia carrier status of indexed families using HbA2 electrophoresis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015; 65(10): 1047–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lippi G., Carta M.R., Salvagno G.L., et al. Separation of haemoglobin HbE and HbA by the fully automated, high-pressure liquid chromatography Tosoh HLC723 G7 analyzer. Int J Lab Hematol. 2008; 30(5): 432–6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751553X.2007.00988.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lippi G., Carta M.R., Salvagno G.L., et al. Separation of haemoglobin HbE and HbA by the fully automated, high-pressure liquid chromatography Tosoh HLC723 G7 analyzer. Int J Lab Hematol. 2008; 30(5): 432–6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751553X.2007.00988.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жиленкова Ю.И. Особенности лабораторной диагностики различных форм гемоглобинопатий: автореф, дис. ...канд. мед. наук. СПб., 2017. 24 с</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhilenkova I.I. Laboratory diagnostic features of different types of hemoglobinopathies: PhD Thesis. Saint-Petersburg, 2017. 24 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta V., Sharma P., Jora R., et al. Screening for Thalassemia Carrier Status in Pregnancy and Pre-Natal Diagnosis. Indian Pediatr. 2015; 52(9): 808–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta V., Sharma P., Jora R., et al. Screening for Thalassemia Carrier Status in Pregnancy and Pre-Natal Diagnosis. Indian Pediatr. 2015; 52(9): 808–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydogan G., Keskin S., Akici F., et al. Causes of Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia in Children and Evaluation of Laboratory Parameters in the Differentiation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019; 41(4): 221–3. DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001382.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aydogan G., Keskin S., Akici F., et al. Causes of Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia in Children and Evaluation of Laboratory Parameters in the Differentiation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019; 41(4): 221–3. DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001382.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhuang Q., Wang G., Wang Y., et al. The value of combined detection of HbA2 and HbF for the screening of thalassemia among individuals of childbearing ages. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 2022; 39(1): 16–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuang Q., Wang G., Wang Y., et al. The value of combined detection of HbA2 and HbF for the screening of thalassemia among individuals of childbearing ages. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 2022; 39(1): 16–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Милованова Н.В., Гусарова Е.А., Нагорнов И.О. и др. Молекулярногенетический анализ гена НВВ в группе российских пациентов. Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2019; 6(1): 216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milovanova N.V., Gusarova N.V., Nagornov I.O., et al. The molecular genetic HBB gene analysis in a group of Russian patients. Rossiyskiy Zurnal Detskoy Gematologii I Onkologii. 2019; 6(1): 216. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jalilian M., Azizi Jalilian F., Ahmadi L., et al. The Frequency of HBB Mutations Among β-Thalassemia Patients in Hamadan Province, Iran. Hemoglobin. 2017; 41(1): 61–4. DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2017.1302468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jalilian M., Azizi Jalilian F., Ahmadi L., et al. The Frequency of HBB Mutations Among β-Thalassemia Patients in Hamadan Province, Iran. Hemoglobin. 2017; 41(1): 61–4. DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2017.1302468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kountouris P., Kousiappa I., Papasavva T., et al. The molecular spectrum and distribution of haemoglobinopathies in Cyprus: a 20-year retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 26371. DOI: 10.1038/srep26371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kountouris P., Kousiappa I., Papasavva T., et al. The molecular spectrum and distribution of haemoglobinopathies in Cyprus: a 20-year retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 26371. DOI: 10.1038/srep26371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nezhad F.H., Nezhad K.H., Choghakabodi P.M., Keikhaei B. Prevalence and Genetic Analysis of α- and β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia in Southwest Iran. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2018; 8(3–4): 189–95. DOI: 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.04.103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nezhad F.H., Nezhad K.H., Choghakabodi P.M., Keikhaei B. Prevalence and Genetic Analysis of α- and β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia in Southwest Iran. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2018; 8(3–4): 189–95. DOI: 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.04.103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang H., Xu L., Chen M., et al. Molecular characterization of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy in Southeastern China. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 3493. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40089-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang H., Xu L., Chen M., et al. Molecular characterization of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy in Southeastern China. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 3493. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40089-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Z., Cui Q., Zhou W., et al. Comparison of gene mutation spectrum of thalassemia in different regions of China and Southeast Asia. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2019; 7(6): 680. DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.680.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Z., Cui Q., Zhou W., et al. Comparison of gene mutation spectrum of thalassemia in different regions of China and Southeast Asia. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2019; 7(6): 680. DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.680.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs33945777#frequency_tab; 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs33945777#frequency_tab; 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">White J.M., Brain M.C., Lorkin P.A., et al. Mild «unstable haemoglobin haemolytic anaemia» caused by haemoglobin Shepherds Bush(B74(E18) gly--asp). Nature. 1970; 225(5236): 939–41. DOI: 10.1038/225939a0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">White J.M., Brain M.C., Lorkin P.A., et al. Mild «unstable haemoglobin haemolytic anaemia» caused by haemoglobin Shepherds Bush(B74(E18) gly--asp). Nature. 1970; 225(5236): 939–41. DOI: 10.1038/225939a0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sansone G., Sciarratta G.V., Genova R., et al. Haemoglobin Shepherds Bush (β74 [E18] Gly→Asp) in an Italian Family. Acta Haematol. 1977; 57(2): 102–8. DOI: 10.1159/000207866.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sansone G., Sciarratta G.V., Genova R., et al. Haemoglobin Shepherds Bush (β74 [E18] Gly→Asp) in an Italian Family. Acta Haematol. 1977; 57(2): 102–8. DOI: 10.1159/000207866.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">May A., Huehns, E.R. The Control of Oxygen Affi nity of Red Cells with HbShepherds Bush. Br J Haematol. 1977; 22(5): 599–607. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652141.1972.tb05706.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">May A., Huehns, E.R. The Control of Oxygen Affi nity of Red Cells with HbShepherds Bush. Br J Haematol. 1977; 22(5): 599–607. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652141.1972.tb05706.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schilirò G., Musumeci S., Russo A., et al. HB Shepherds Bush (alpha 2 beta 2 74 (E18) Gly replaced by Asp) in two Italian carriers. Hemoglobin. 1981; 5(5): 493–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schilirò G., Musumeci S., Russo A., et al. HB Shepherds Bush (alpha 2 beta 2 74 (E18) Gly replaced by Asp) in two Italian carriers. Hemoglobin. 1981; 5(5): 493–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3043; 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3043; 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">http://gnomad-sg.org/; 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">http://gnomad-sg.org/; 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
